Two Klein Buendel scientists presented HPV vaccination research at the 36th International Papillomavirus Conference in Edinburgh, Scotland, November 12-15, 2024.
Poster 1
Title: HPV Vaccine Uptake Improvement for Adolescent Boys via a Mobile Web App: TeenVac.org
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine uptake remains below the U.S. national goal of 80% series completion. Parental concerns and misinformation about the HPV vaccine’s efficacy and safety remain and may be addressed by digital interventions tailored to their concerns.
Based on a previous intervention focused on parents and adolescent daughters, a randomized controlled trial was conducted testing a mobile web app (TeenVac.org) for parents and their adolescent sons (ages 11-14 years), responsive to their concerns and encouraging HPV vaccination. Two hundred nine (209) participants were randomized to receive either the TeenVac app (n=100) or the standard CDC HPV vaccination pamphlet (n=109) online. Adolescent sons’ vaccination records were collected from the New Mexico vaccine registry at the end of the study.
Intent-to-treat and web usage analyses were conducted. Intent-to-treat analyses found that adolescent sons of parents who were randomized to the TeenVac app were significantly more likely to complete the HPV vaccination series than the CDC pamphlet comparison group. Web usage analysis determined that those parents in the TeenVac group who used the web app were significantly more likely to complete the HPV vaccination series than those in the CDC pamphlet group. Modules focused on nature of HPV, the vaccine, and who recommends it were most used, with average durations ranging from 84 to 122 seconds.
The TeenVac app had a meaningful impact on HPV vaccine shot completion, particularly among parents who used the web app. The study trial’s recruitment and implementation were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, with 86% of parent-adolescent pairs recruited during this period. Despite these challenges, the results provide further evidence that digital interventions can improve vaccine uptake when focused on parents and sons’ vaccine-related concerns.
This research was funded by a grant from the National Cancer Institute (CA210125; Dr. W. Gill Woodall, Principal Investigator). Collaborators were from the University of New Mexico, Indiana University, and Klein Buendel.
Poster 2
Title: Development of Social Media Posts Promoting HPV Vaccination to Emerging Adults in Rural Communities of the united States
Presenter: David Buller, PhD
Authors: David Buller, PhD; Andrew Sussman, PhD; Echo Warner, PhD; Alishia Kinsey; W. Gill Woodall, PhD; Deanna Kepka, PhD; Barbara Walkosz, PhD; Julia Berteletti, MSW; Annelise Small; Dolores Guest, PhD; John Torres
Dr. David Buller
HPV-related cancers are increasing in rural areas of the United States and HPV vaccination rates of emerging adults are low. A social media campaign promoting HPV vaccine uptake, along with five other cancer risk-reduction behaviors, is being developed for emerging adults aged 18-26 living in rural counties in the western United States. Campaign posts were pilot-tested with emerging adults (n=188) in surveys on appropriateness, relevance, and trustworthiness and likelihood of engaging with them (such as read, scroll past, react [such as like, sad, etc.], comment, and click on a shared link). Also, emerging adults (n=26) were enrolled in a 4-week study where they received HPV vaccination posts in a Facebook private group and engagement (such as views, reactions, comments) was recorded.
Initially, 36 posts on HPV vaccination were developed addressing simplicity, benefits, response efficacy/cost, self-efficacy/perceived control, cancer risk perceptions, norms, relatedness, compatibility with goals/values, and intrinsic/extrinsic motivation. Posts debunked common misinformation on HPV vaccines, stressed that unvaccinated emerging adults should get vaccinated, and advised emerging adults on how to discuss HPV vaccination with family and friends. Emerging adults evaluated seven HPV vaccination posts in the surveys and rated them as appropriate, relevant, and trustworthy. Two-thirds of emerging adults said they would read the posts, but also might scroll past them. Over one-third would click on a shared link or leave a reaction, but few would comment. In the 4-week study, seven HPV vaccination posts received 115 views, 26 reactions, and 2 comments (both positive).
Social media is a primary health information source for young adults. Posts promoting HPV vaccination based on health behavior theories can reach and engage emerging adults with HPV vaccine-supportive messaging. The HPV posts will be included in a cancer prevention campaign evaluated in a randomized trial enrolling 1000 emerging adults in 2025.
This research was funded by a grant from the National Cancer Institute (CA268037; Dr. David Buller and Dr. Andrew Sussman, Multiple Principal Investigators). Collaborators were from the University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, the University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, and Klein Buendel.
Implementation of an Occupational Sun Safety Intervention: Comparison of Two Scalability Strategies
Klein Buendel investigators and their collaborators have published the results of the Go Sun Smart at Work project in the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. This research compared two methods for scaling up an evidence-based occupational sun protection program nationwide. One hundred thirty-eight (138) regional districts in 21 state Departments of Transportation throughout the United States were randomized to receive the Go Sun Smart at Work program via in-person or digital scalability methods in 2019-2022 in 1:2 ratio. Managers completed pretest and posttest surveys and employees completed posttest surveys. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, only posttest measures were analyzed (from 255 managers and 1387 employees).
After scale-up, more employees reported training and communication at workplaces in in-person rather than digital strategy. There were no differences in managers’ reports of sun protection training, communication, or actions by scalability method. Overall, occupational sun protection was implemented during program scale-up and employees recalled training/communication more in the in-person than digital strategy. A full description of methods, analyses, and results can be found in the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine publication.
The research was supported by a Cancer Moonshot Initiative grant from the National Cancer Institute (CA210259; Dr. David Buller, Principal Investigator). Collaborators include Dr. Richard Meenan from Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Dr. Gary Cutter from the University of Alabama in Birmingham, Dr. Kimberly Henry from Colorado State University, and Ms. Mary Buller, Ms. Julia Berteletti, Ms. Alishia Kinsey, Ms. Irene Adjei, and Mr. Noah Chirico from Klein Buendel. The authors thank the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and the senior managers of the participating state Departments of Transportation for supporting this project.
Positive parenting practices help support optimal child social and emotional development. Parent training is considered a gold standard for supporting and strengthening parenting practices and for treating and preventing child behavior problems. A new research grant awarded to Klein Buendel will develop and test a comprehensive implementation package (the ezParent Bundle) to support the hybrid delivery of the ezParent Program.
Klein Buendel Research Investigator, Ms. Julia Berteletti, and the Klein Buendel Creative Team are collaborating with Dr. Susan Breitenstein from Ohio State University (Principal Investigator) on the project. ezParent is the web-based delivery mechanism of the Chicago Parent Program. ezParent integrates empirically supported parenting strategies and includes video vignettes, interactive activities, and in-home practice. The new bundle will include asynchronous web-based facilitator training and the ezParent dashboard, which allows facilitators to track parent program use and offer support.
Young children’s behavioral health is declining with current estimates of up to one-third of preschool children exhibiting behavior problems (such as tantrums, defiance, and aggression). Behavior problems have been more pronounced in minoritized and low-income populations and because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Positive and supportive parenting can buffer the negative effects of early adverse experiences and childhood trauma.
The primary method of delivering parent training involves face-to-face, in-person sessions. Although effective, there are multiple limitations with in-person parent training delivery affecting access and reach (such as time; schedule conflicts; access to childcare, transportation, trained facilitators; and stigma). These barriers result in many referred parents not receiving parent training. Parent completion access issues are more pronounced in underserved communities. An overall goal of this research is to expand parent training access in community organizations dedicated to serving low-income families [such as Head Start and Early Head Start (HS/EHS)].
Many web-based parent training programs are self-administered, yet there is evidence suggesting web-based programs are more effective when paired with human support, known as hybrid delivery. Trained facilitators can foster parent completion of web-based programs and tailoring of strategies. However, parent training programs lack a proven method for systematically integrating facilitator training in an accessible manner. In addition, for hybrid models to be effective, facilitators require methods to monitor and track parent use of the program. Real-time access to training can increase program sustainability and user tracking allows support to be tailored based on parent program use and individual needs.
The ezParent bundle will be evaluated in a cluster randomized trial in 16 HS/EHS sites with personnel facilitators and 516 parents of children aged 2-5 years old. The investigators hypothesize that relative to the control group, parents in the ezParent bundle group will report greater improvements in parenting skills and self-efficacy, parent-child relationship, and reductions in child behavior problems.
This STTR Fast Track grant was awarded to Klein Buendel by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD116627; Dr. Susan Breitenstein, Principal Investigator from Ohio State University). Research collaborators include Ms. Julia Berteletti from Klein Buendel, and Dr. Amie Bettencourt and Dr. Deborah Gross from Johns Hopkins University. The ezParent technology will be designed and programmed by the Creative Team at Klein Buendel.
6th International Conference on UV and Skin Cancer Prevention: Posters
Klein Buendel research investigators and staff presented three posters on their skin cancer prevention research at the 6th International Conference on UV and Skin Cancer Prevention in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, September 10-13, 2024.
Poster 1 – This poster won a BEST POSTER AWARD at the conference.
Title: Narrative Synthesis of Skin Cancer Prevention Interventions for Samples with High Proportions of Participants with Skin of Color in a Systematic Review
Presenter: Irene Adjei, BS
Authors: David Buller, PhD; Alexandra Morshed, PhD; Radhika Agarwal, MPH; Irene Adjei, BS; Shenita Peterson, MPH; Cam Escoffery, PhD; Mary Buller, MA; Barbara Walkosz, PhD; Kayla Anderson, MPH
While melanoma and keratinocyte skin cancers are very prevalent in light-skinned non-Hispanic (NH) White adults in the United States, rates of skin cancer may be increasing in Hispanics, African Americans present with thicker lesions, and both Hispanics and African Americans have higher skin cancer mortality rates than NH Whites. Ethnic minority adults may have lower knowledge and risk perceptions, practice sun protection infrequently and for reasons other than skin cancer, have less access to dermatologists, and receive fewer skin exams than NH Whites. As part of a project adapting an evidence-based occupational program to be more equitable by including lower-risk African American and Hispanic worker populations, investigators conducted a systematic literature review of 25 behavioral skin cancer prevention interventions. Investigators extracted information from 10 studies (2014-2022) that evaluated interventions in samples with 20% Hispanic and/or African American participants. Interventions were delivered in eight clinical and two community settings through verbal (for example, a community health worker), printed, visual (for example, videos/photographs), and e-messages. Adaptations for individuals with skin of color included incorporating culturally relevant images, culturally appropriate language (including Spanish translation), and testimonials, informed by diverse research staff and interested individuals. Seven studies evaluated interventions in randomized controlled trials, two in non-randomized experimental designs, and one in a cohort study, with interventions primarily showing improvements in knowledge, perceived risk, and reported sun protection. To be effective with lower-risk populations, skin cancer prevention interventions should incorporate cultural tailoring of images, language, and testimonials. This research was funded by a grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U48DP006377; Alexandra Morshed and David Buller, Multiple Principal Investigators).
Poster 2
Title: Feasibility of Using Location-Based Data through the Strava App to Provide Tailored Sun Protection Advice to Outdoor Exercisers
Presenter: Alishia Kinsey, BS
Authors: Alishia Kinsey, BS; Julia Berteletti, MSW; David Buller, PhD; Chuck Anderson, PhD; Kimberly Henry, PhD
Individuals who engage in more physical activity have a higher prevalence of sunburn, and melanoma is positively associated with physical activity. This study was designed to determine the feasibility of using Strava, a popular exercise tracking app, to promote sun protection tailored to individuals who engage regularly in outdoor physical activity. To provide tailored sun protection advice, investigators connected through the Strava Application Programming Interface (API) to collect retrospective activity data from users who consented and authorized collection of data from the past two years. Despite robust recruitment efforts, only 78 Strava users provided this authorization. From these users, 16,669 outdoor activity events were accessed. Of those activities, 46.1% occurred during high UV (between 10 am and 4 pm) for at least 30 minutes. Using predictive modeling, time outdoors for more than one hour during high UV was predicted by day of week (more likely occurs on weekends) or proximity to a high UV event (less likely occurs the day after a previous high UV event). While Strava users are active and prone to overexposure to the sun, privacy settings in the Strava app, which became more restrictive during the study, and users’ resistance to share their data were substantial barriers to employing the app to deliver tailored advice on sun safety. It may be possible to predict when exercisers would be outside during high UV periods if periodicity of individuals’ exercise bouts are known (information that users might be willing to disclose in a mobile app without sharing location data). This research was funded by a grant from the National Cancer Institute (CA241637; Dr. David Buller and Ms. Julia Berteletti, Multiple Principal Investigators).
Poster 3
Title: Gender Differences in the Sun Safety Practices of Tattoo Studio Clients
Presenter: Mary Buller, MA
Authors: Barbara Walkosz, PhD; Mary Buller, MA; David Buller, PhD; Robert Dellavalle, MPH, MD
Melanoma is the one of the most common cancers among young adults and low rates of sun protection are elevated in this group. Approximately 225 million people worldwide have tattoos and 40% of adults ages 18-29 have at least one tattoo. The Sun Safety Ink! program trained tattoo artists to promote full-body comprehensive sun protection to clients to compliment standard aftercare instructions that recommend sun protection for new tattoos. Thirty-seven tattoo studios participated. At pretest, 861 clients completed an online survey and self-reported sun protection on a 5-point scale as: apply sunscreen SPF 15+ on face (aftershave, face lotion, or make-up); apply sunscreen SPF 30+ exposed skin areas; reapply sunscreen; apply sunscreen lip balm; wear any hat; wear wide-brimmed hat; wear sunglasses; stay mostly in the shade; wear protective clothing; watch skin for sunburn or tanning. Women were significantly more likely to apply sunscreen of SPF 15+ on the face, apply sunscreen of SPF 30+ to exposed skin, reapply sunscreen every two hours, limit time in the sun, and watch their skin for signs of sunburn. Men were significantly more likely to wear any hat and a brimmed hat. Strategies are needed to promote specific sun protection practices for men and women as these reported practices have remained persistent. This research was funded by a grant from the National Cancer Institute (CA206569; Barbara Walkosz and Robert Dellavalle, Multiple Principal Investigators).
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Klein Buendel investigators and staff were collaborators on two additional skin cancer prevention research posters at the UV and Skin Cancer Prevention conference.
Poster 4
Title: Indoor Tanning Facility Regulation Compliance in the United States Remains Suboptimal: A Confederate Study
Presenter: Carolyn Heckman, PhD
Authors: Carolyn Heckman, PhD; Anna Mitarotondo; Melissa Goldstein, MS; Rucha Janodia; Ileana Gonzalez; Julia Berteletti, MSW; David Buller, PhD
In the United States, indoor tanning is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and individual state legislation. Twenty-two states and the District of Columbia ban minors under age 18 from indoor tanning, 22 have varying age restrictions and parental involvement requirements, and six have no age restrictions. This study assesses law compliance of indoor tanning facilities, hypothesized to be insufficient and inconsistent. Trained female staff pseudo-patrons called indoor tanning facilities (such as indoor tanning salons, beauty salons/spas, gyms, apartments) posing as minors one year younger than the state’s permitted age to tan (for example, 17 in a state banning indoor tanning under age 18). Pseudo-patrons asked about unlimited indoor tanning packages (contrary to FDA recommendations), sunburns, and whether they were permitted to indoor tan. One hundred and twelve (112) calls were completed across 15 states. Twenty-one percent of facility staff did not ask pseudo-patrons for their age, and 41% told pseudo-patrons they could indoor tan despite being underage. Forty-one percent (41%) of gyms/apartments did not require pseudo-patrons to be a member/tenant to indoor tan. Eight-one percent (81%) of facilities offered unlimited indoor tanning packages or unlimited access during open hours, and 29% of staff did not admit to pseudo-patrons that they could be sunburned from indoor tanning. Although many state laws restricting indoor tanning have been passed in the United States, and indoor tanning has decreased, facilities continue to be non-compliant with restrictions for minors, putting children at risk of sunburns and skin cancer. Further analyses will evaluate compliance by type of facility, law stringency, and U.S. region. This research was supported by a grant from the National Cancer Institute (CA244370; Carolyn Heckman and David Buller, Multiple Principal Investigators).
Poster 5
Title: Adolescents’ Perceived Threat and Perceived Efficacy in Relation to Skin Cancer: Associations with Tanning, Sunburns, and Sun Protection
Presenter: Tammy Stump, PhD
Authors: Tammy Stump, PhD; Jennifer Hay, PhD; Kenneth Tercyak, PhD; David Buller, PhD; Douglas Grossman PhD, MD; Jacob Jensen, PhD; Jincheng Shen, PhD; Yelena Wu, PhD
According to the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM), health promotion programs are optimally successful when they heighten the perceived threat of a medical condition while also enhancing perceived efficacy for offsetting that threat. For skin cancer prevention, the authors developed a school-based intervention based on EPPM constructs. The program was designed to both enhance perceived threat of skin cancer (such as susceptibility, severity) and perceived efficacy for sun protection (such as self-efficacy, response efficacy). In advance of the intervention, 2,199 participants (52% female) at 36 Utah high schools completed a baseline survey, which was analyzed as an initial test of the conceptual model underlying the intervention approach. Within a series of linear regression models, all four EPPM constructs were simultaneously entered as independent variables. Self-reported sun protection, tanning (intentional, outdoor, and unintentional), and sunburns served as dependent variables. In these models, self-efficacy significantly predicted all outcomes. Response efficacy for sun protection was associated with greater weekend sun protection. Susceptibility to skin cancer was significantly associated with all outcomes except indoor tanning. Severity of skin cancer was significantly associated with sun protection use only. In sum, self-efficacy was the strongest predictor of outcomes whereas perceived severity of skin cancer had a small effect, and only on one outcome. Overall, these findings suggest that by targeting EPPM constructs, the intervention is likely to have an effect on adolescents’ tanning, sunburns, and sun protection behaviors. This research is sponsored by the National Cancer Institute (Dr. Yelena Wu from the University of Utah and the Huntsman Cancer Institute, Principal Investigator).
6th International Conference on UV and Skin Cancer Prevention: Presentations
Klein Buendel research investigators and staff gave three oral presentations on their skin cancer prevention research at the 6th International Conference on UV and Skin Cancer Prevention in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, September 10-13, 2024.
Presentation 1
Title: Comparison of Two Scalability Methods for Nationwide Dissemination of an Occupational Sun Protection Intervention in a Randomized Trial
Presenter: David Buller, PhD
Authors: David Buller, PhD; Julia Berteletti, MSW; Mary Buller, MA; Kimberly Henry, PhD; Richard Meenan, PhD; Gary Cutter, PhD; Alishia Kinsey, BA; Irene Adjei, BS; Noah Chirico, MPH
The promise of sun protection interventions relies on successfully disseminating them to new populations and settings with sufficient fidelity to be effective. Two methods for disseminating our evidence-based occupational sun protection intervention, Go Sun Smart at Work, were evaluated. One hundred thirty-eight (138) regional districts from 21 state Departments of Transportation throughout the United States were randomized to two scalability methods in a randomized pretest-posttest two-group design. The in-person scalability method included in-person visits to the workplaces to meet with managers and deliver training to employees. The digital scalability method utilized low-cost virtual communication with managers and video training for employees. At posttest, 255 managers reported their program implementation actions while 1387 employees reported receipt of sun safety training/communication and protection practices. Nearly all managers reported implementing training, communication, and sun protection actions, but implementation did not differ by scalability method. However, more employees reported sun protection training and communication from in-person than digital scalability method. Employee sun protection practices were unrelated to scalability method. Both scalability strategies motivated managers to implement sun safety training and communication, and more than other sun safety actions, possibly because training/communication fit into existing safety training processes and communication channels and required few resources. In-person training is preferred by many workers and technological barriers may have interfered with digital training delivery. Restrictions placed on the workplaces due to the COVID-19 pandemic interfered with scalability, possibly biasing the result towards the null. This research was funded by a grant from the National Cancer Institute (CA210259; David Buller, Principal Investigator).
Presentation 2
Title: The Development of the GSSW SmartBot: A Virtual Guide for Occupational Sun Safety Implementation
Presenter: Mary Buller, MA
Authors: Mary Buller, MA; Barbara Walkosz, PhD; David Buller, PhD; Julia Berteletti, MSW; Brandon Herbeck, B; Irene Adjei, BS; Robert Martin; Steven Fullmer, BFA
Outdoor workers are exposed to an extreme amount of solar ultraviolet radiation, making them highly vulnerable to skin cancer and heat illness. Increasing disparities in skin cancer survival and heat mortality in Black and Hispanic Americans, who are overrepresented in the outdoor workforce in the United States, highlight the need for inclusive and comprehensive sun safety education. Informed by systematic literature reviews and interviews with employees and managers, Go Sun Smart at Work (GSSW), an evidence-based skin cancer prevention program, was adapted to include enhanced messaging for people of color and to combine skin cancer and heat illness prevention. An online format was used, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, to make sun safety implementation accessible, flexible, and simple for employers. A custom intelligent system, the SmartBot, guides employers (for example, safety managers) through three program components: policy, training, and implementation. It asks users questions about their organization and uses an enhanced version of the GravityForms survey engine to identify and tailor sun safety resources based on their responses. As users progress through the SmartBot, they collect resources from a library of sun safety content (Resource Hub). Built with the WordPress Content Management System, the Resource Hub includes informational videos, posters, fact sheets, a 45-minute training with quizzes, and sample safety policies. Users can return to their Resource Hub to retrieve resources or quickly search and filter all the resources in the system. The SmartBot’s impact on employee sun protection will be tested with 20 employers in a randomized field trial. This research was supported by a grant from the National Cancer Institute (CA257778; Mary Buller, Principal Investigator).
Presentation 3
Title: Bills to Restrict Access to Indoor Tanning Facilities in U.S. State Legislatures, 1991-2023
Presenter: David Buller, PhD
Authors: David Buller, PhD; Julia Berteletti, MSW; Carolyn Heckman, PhD; Kevin Schroth, JD; Alan Geller, RN; Jerod Stapleton, PhD; Irene Adjei, BS; Anna Mitarotondo, BA; Samantha Guild, JD; Jeffrey Gershenwald, MD; Donna Regen, BA
In the United States, indoor tanning facilities are regulated by state legislation and U.S. Food and Drug Administration. State laws with more stringent age restrictions are associated with less indoor tanning by youth. Legislative bills on indoor tanning introduced in states, the District of Columbia (DC), and Puerto Rico were collected and coded for age restrictions, parental involvement, warnings, operator requirements, and enforcement. Overall, 184 bills were introduced in 49 of 50 states and DC between 1991 and 2023, mostly after 2008. Overall, 56 bills were passed and enacted in 47 states and DC, and 126 bills failed. The first bill banning minors under age 18 from indoor tanning facilities was enacted in 2012, with an under-18 ban currently enacted in 22 states and DC. Age restrictions at other younger ages (14-17.5 years) were enacted in 10 other states. In many states, it took several years and proposed bills before a law was passed, with proposed bills typically becoming more stringent over time and enacted bills being more stringent than failed bills. However, warnings, operator requirements, and enforcement provisions were classified as weak in most bills. Association of political party of both bill sponsor and legislative majority with age restrictions and bill enactment were presented. Bills restricting indoor tanning facilities, including those restricting minors under age 18, have garnered support across the U.S. political spectrum. Findings can inform advocates and legislators on ways to increase stringency of indoor tanning laws that can contribute to decreasing rates of melanoma in young adults. This research was supported by a grant from the National Cancer Institute (CA244370; Carolyn Heckman and David Buller, Multiple Principal Investigators).
E-learning modules for peer end-of-life caregivers living in prison
A research team led by Dr. Susan Loeb from Penn State University and Dr. Barbara Walkosz from Klein Buendel, has published results from a recent study in the Journal of Offender Rehabilitation. The paper reports findings from the usability testing of the Just Care electronic learning program for training carefully vetted people living in prison to assist staff with geriatric and end-of-life care.
Aging is accompanied by an increased probability of health problems and subsequent need for health care. According to the authors, “The growing number of older adults living in prison, who will likely age and die in prison, calls attention to the challenge of how correctional facilities will care for this population’s health needs, which includes the increasing demand for geriatric and end-of-life care.” Training men and women who live in prison to assist corrections staff with the care of growing numbers of older, sicker, cognitively impaired, and dying people in prison is an innovative and viable option to help meet pressing care demands.
Two rounds of usability testing were conducted via videoconference. Prison personnel (such as corrections specialists, supervisors, nurses, and chaplains) and people living in prison were recruited from one men’s prison and one women’s prison. Fifteen participants completed the testing in each of two rounds. Methods and analyses are described in the paper.
Results include participant demographics, concerns and areas for improvement by severity level of programming, and mean scores for both participant groups on the System Usability Scale. Overall, both the incarcerated and staff participants found the program easy to navigate and the interactive content was useful, engaging, and relevant to caring for incarcerated aging and dying people. The findings helped refine Just Care before additional evaluation was conducted with a larger sample.
This research was funded by an STTR grant to Klein Buendel from the National Institute on Aging (AG057239; Dr. Susan Loeb and Dr. Barbara Walkosz, Multiple Principal Investigators). The lead author on this Journal of Offender Rehabilitation paper is Dr. Erin Kitt-Lewis from Penn State University. Additional authors are Dr. Susan Loeb and Mr. Sherif Olanrewaju from Penn State University; and Dr. Barbara Walkosz, Mr. Brandon Herbeck, and Mr. Steve Fullmer from Klein Buendel.
THE B-SMART APP: FINDINGS FROM AN IGNITION INTERLOCK STUDY
Driving while intoxicated (DWI) is a preventable source of morbidity and mortality in the United States. The Ignition Interlock Device (IID) requires a driver to blow into a breathalyzer installed in a vehicle to establish sobriety and reduces drunk driving while installed. IIDs have become widespread. Most U.S. states require DWI offenders to install IIDs in their cars. However, once IIDs are removed, DWI recidivism levels return to those similar to offenders who had no IID installed.
Klein Buendel Senior Scientist, Dr. W. Gill Woodall, presented DWI intervention study results at the 47th Annual Research Society on Alcoholism Scientific Meeting on June 22-26 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The purpose of this study was to develop and test an app (“B-SMART”) for DWI offenders and their Concerned Family Members (CFMs) to extend non-intoxicated driving beyond the IID installation period.
The B-SMART app has four modules: 1) Life with the Interlock – orientation to IIDs, 2) processes to support changes in drinking, 3) effective communication skills, and 4) family activities that don’t involve alcohol. Participants (pairs of DWI Offenders and CFMs N=76) were randomly assigned to receive the B-SMART web app (n=30) or access to an IID New Mexico Department of Transportation information page [Usual and Customary (UC) condition, n=46]. Data on failed IID tests and IID lockout events were obtained from Ignition Interlock providers and were the primary outcome variables.
IID data were collected at the end of the project period on 58% (n=71) of 123 participants, with one IID provider not providing IID data due to corporate policy restrictions. Two summary outcome variables were created: 1) the frequency of any failed test during IID installation period, and 2) IID lockout events, which occur when a driver repeatedly fails the breathalyzer test in a set time period. The mean number of failed IID tests was not significantly different for UC participants (n=45) than versus B-SMART participants (n=26). For lockout events, UC participants had significantly more Lockout events than B-SMART participants.
Results indicate the B-SMART app reduced IID Lockout events, which is an important outcome as lower IID events predict reduced DWI recidivism.
This research was supported by a grant from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA022850; Dr. W. Gill Woodall, Principal Investigator). Collaborators on this conference presentation included Dr. Barbara McCrady and Dr. Vern Westerberg from the Univeristy of New Mexico; and Ms. Julia Berteletti, Ms. Marita Brooks, and Ms. Lila Martinez from Klein Buendel. The B-SMART app was developed by the Creative Team at Klein Buendel.
The Pinpoint web app was created and evaluated by Klein Buendel in collaboration with HPC International through a grant funded by the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (MD010746; Dr. Valerie Myers, Principal Investigator). Designed for adolescents aged 13-17, the Pinpoint web app provides education on communication strategies and sickle cell disease (SCD) care management. Pinpoint includes a pain assessment tool, vocabulary game, body scanner reflection, and educational self-disclosure activity. It was developed as an interactive gaming web app for use on smartphones, tablets, and desktop computers. Learning Buddies were added to act as a guide for the teen in the app to explain each activity and feature with text and voiceover. There are two Learning Buddy characters to choose from, each of whom had their own fictional story about living with SCD. Learning Buddies are customizable, allowing teen participants to choose clothing, hair style, and skin tone upon registering for the app. For each activity the teens participate in, points can be earned to unlock additional customization options, including hats, jewelry, and more hairstyles and clothing options. A Self-Disclosure Stories section was also added to the web app. This consists of stories from real people, including children, young adults, and older adults living with SCD.
The fully developed app was used to interview clinicians to evaluate content and clinical meaningfulness (n=10). Additionally, adolescents (n=11), aged 13-17, with SCD participated in usability testing to evaluate the user interface, ease of use, and perceived barriers. Both clinicians and teens participating in the usability study were encouraged to go through the app on their own while sharing their screen and describing aloud their thoughts and impressions of the app. They were then guided to specific parts of the app (such as the vocabulary game, self-disclosure activity, Pain Assessment Tool, Body Scanner Reflection, and Learning Buddies) to review.
Overall, clinicians believed the app content was meaningful and engaging, would help their patients better identify SCD pain and would help them better treat their patients’ pain. Clinicians also said they would encourage SCD patients to use the app. Teen participants in the usability testing found the app to be easy to use and understand. They enjoyed the interactivity of the games, found the Learning Buddy to be interesting and relatable, and liked that they could share the information recorded on the pain assessment tool with caregivers and healthcare providers by text or email.
In a subsequent randomized, stepped-wedge trial, the app was tested with 13–17-year-olds with SCD and one of their parents to evaluate changes in knowledge acquisition for communicating about pain. Community-based recruitment strategies were used. This involved attending SCD conferences, creating relationships with community-based organizations (such as sickle cell associations, sickle cell camps, libraries, Boys and Girls clubs, YMCAs, and clinics), online recruitment (such as Facebook/Reddit ads and posting in SCD-specific groups on Facebook/Reddit), partnering with companies that specialize in recruiting for SCD research, and snowball recruitment. Through these efforts, 24 teen/parent dyads were successfully recruited and randomly assigned to study group.
Both teens and their parent took a survey every 4 weeks for 12-16 weeks and used the app for 4-12 weeks, depending on which arm of the study they were assigned. Parents and teens randomized into Arms 1-3 took surveys every 4 weeks for 12 weeks and downloaded the Pinpoint app at Baseline (Arm 1; used the app for 12 weeks), 4 Weeks (Arm 2; used the app for 8 weeks), or 8 Weeks (Arm 3; used the app for 4 weeks), while participants in Arm 4 took surveys every 4 weeks for 16 weeks and downloaded the Pinpoint app at 12 Weeks (used the app for 4 weeks). Surveys were completed during a virtual check-in via Zoom with a member of the study staff. There was 100% retention of both parents and adolescents throughout the intervention for follow-up surveys.
Adolescents reported on pain interference, peer relationships, physical stress experiences, psychological stress experiences, pain behavior, pain quality, experiences with providers, family relationships, communication, and personal experiences with the SCD. Parents were assessed on disease knowledge, family relationships, family communication, and their experiences managing their child’s SCD. The adolescents were 92% African American, 8% Hispanic, 54% male, and the mean age was 14.8. SCD was not a new disease for any of the participants. The parents were 93% African American, 4% Hispanic, 92% female, and the mean age was 44.9. The small sample size prohibits the investigators from evaluating changes between groups, though summary statistics at each time point were created and reviewed.
In the final surveys, adolescents also reported on the usability of the web app:
At the baseline and the final survey time points, adolescents reported on communication and SCD pain management:
Lastly, web app usage data was collected. From the 24 adolescents randomized, 34 pain reports were entered by 16 unique users (67%) within the app. Of those pain reports recorded, 20 (59%) were shared with their parent or health care provider via the app.
Pinpoint is available to individuals and medical providers. To learn more about the Pinpoint app, check out the video tutorial or visit HPC International.
Sales of Alcohol to Apparently Intoxicated Customers in Three States
Most states prohibit sales of alcohol to customers who are apparently intoxicated. Many states require training in responsible beverage service, with the aim of reducing driving while intoxicated (DWI) and other harms.
Klein Buendel scientists and staff, along with a research collaborator from the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, assessed alcohol sales to apparently intoxicated patrons across three states. Their findings were published in the Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs.
A sample of 180 establishments licensed for on-site alcohol sales was selected in California (n=60), New Mexico (n=60), and Washington state (n=60). The three states had different RBS training histories, content, and procedures. Research confederates, trained to feign cues of alcohol intoxication, visited each establishment twice. The pseudo-intoxicated patron ordered an alcoholic beverage while displaying intoxication cues. Sale of alcohol was the primary outcome.
At 179 establishments assessed, the pseudo-intoxicated patrons were served alcohol during 56.5% of 356 visits (35.6% of establishments served and 22.6% did not serve at both visits). Alcohol sales were less frequent in New Mexico (47.9%) and Washington state (49.6%) than in California (72.0%). Servers less consistently refused service at both visits in California (6.8%) than New Mexico (33.9%) or Washington (27.1%). Alcohol sales were higher when intoxication cues were less obvious.
Over-service of alcohol to apparently intoxicated customers was frequent and likely elevated risk of DWI and other harms. The lower sales in New Mexico and Washington than California may show that a policy approach prohibiting sales to intoxicated customers combined with well-established RBS training can reduce over-service. The authors concluded that further efforts are needed to reduce over-service of alcohol to intoxicated patrons.
This research was supported by a grant to Klein Buendel from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA029364; W. Gill Woodall and David Buller, Multiple Principal Investigators). Collaborating authors include Dr. Robert Saltz from the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation in Berkley, California, Dr. Gary Cutter from the University of Alabama, and Ms. Lila Martinez, Ms. Annelise Small, and Mr. Noah Chirico from Klein Buendel.
Cancer Fatalism and Engagement with Skin Cancer Genetic Information
A research team led by Dr. Jennifer Hay from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York and Dr. Marianne Berwick from the University of New Mexico, and including Dr. David Buller from Klein Buendel, has published results from a study in Psycho-Oncology. The research paper is entitled, “Exploring the role of cancer fatalism and engagement with skin cancer genetic information in diverse primary care patients.”
Cancer fatalism is important in cancer prevention and deserves theoretical and empirical attention in the context of genomics and behavior change. This study was designed to broaden the currently limited reach of genomic innovations, and to help understand how psychosocial and cultural factors influence reactions to genetic testing in diverse subgroups.
The study employed data from a randomized controlled trial offering skin cancer genetic testing (using the melanocortin-1 receptor [MC1R] gene) to 593 people in primary care in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The authors examined interrelations of cancer fatalism with demographics, general health beliefs, perceived risk, perceived control, sun protection and skin screening behaviors, and cancer worry in the skin cancer context stratified across Hispanic versus non-Hispanic ethnicity. It examined cancer fatalism as a moderator of intervention effects on study primary outcomes, including 3-month sun protection, cancer worry, and perceived risk.
Cancer fatalism was significantly related to the perception of control over skin cancer risk behaviors and demographics (ethnicity, education, health literacy), but not consistently related to general health beliefs or risk perception. Cancer fatalism did not moderate intervention effects on primary outcomes, except that those with higher cancer fatalism randomized to intervention had higher levels of 3-month cancer worry. Study significance, methods, analyses are detailed in the Psycho-Oncology paper.
These findings will guide future work considering the role of cancer fatalism in use of genomic technologies in the general population. This work anticipates strategies required to address cancer fatalism as translational genomics becomes more commonly available to diverse general population subgroups.
This research was supported by a grant from the National Cancer Institute (CA181241; Dr. Jennifer Hay and Dr. Marianne Berwick, Multiple Principal Investigators). Authors in addition to the Principal Investigators include Dr. Yelena Wu and Dr. Kimberly Kaphingst from the University of Utah; Ms. Elizabeth Schofield and Dr. Yuelin Li from the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Dr. Andrew Sussman, Dr. Dolores Guest, and Dr. Keith Hunley from the University of New Mexico; and Dr. David Buller from Klein Buendel.
